In the ACE equation, what should B represent as a percentage of annual peak load?

In the Area Control Error (ACE) equation, the term "B" represents the bias factor that is applied to the frequency response characteristics of the system. This value is crucial for maintaining reliability within a power system and is calculated as a percentage of the annual peak load.

Choosing 1% as the correct representation for "B" is consistent with standard industry practices, which consider this value reasonable for maintaining balance between generation and load while addressing the dynamic nature of power systems. Setting "B" at 1% allows for a pragmatic approach to system control, ensuring that minor fluctuations in load or generation can be effectively managed without overreacting or destabilizing the power grid.

Higher values, such as 2% or 5%, could lead to unnecessary adjustments in generation, potentially causing oscillations and instability due to over- or under-compensating for load changes. Conversely, a value lower than 1% (like 0.5%) may not provide sufficient response capacity to maintain system reliability under normal operating conditions.

Consequently, 1% is the most suitable choice for "B," balancing operational efficiency and reliability.