What is 'Cascading Failure'?

Cascading failure refers to a situation in a complex system where the failure of one component leads to the failure of additional components, resulting in a widespread breakdown of the system. In the context of power systems, this can occur when an initial localized failure—such as a transmission line trip—causes overloading in neighboring lines, which in turn may trip other lines, creating a ripple effect that can result in large-scale outages across an entire network.

This phenomenon underscores the interconnectivity and interdependence of various components within a power grid, where one failure can set off a sequence of reactions that escalate and impact a broader area or even the entire system. The consequences of cascading failures can be significant, leading to extensive outages and requiring significant recovery efforts.

The other options, while related to the operation and economics of energy systems, do not accurately capture the essence of cascading failure. They refer to adjustments or planned decisions in energy production and demand rather than the systemic breakdown triggered by interdependent failures.